A farmworker's daughter watches an English as a Second Language Crusade awards ceremony held at a Richmond community centre.
"In 1981 the CFU conducted a survey which showed that older women had the greatest desire to learn English. However, limited formal education and limited mobility had hampered these women's opportunities to take other ESL programmes. Many also had a lack of time because of the double workload of farm work and housework. The crusade tried from the start to work around these conditions. Traditional ESL classes make no allowance for students who are illiterate in their first language, and these learners invariably fall behind. Materials are often foreign to the daily lives, experience and culture of farmworkers. Such factors erode the motivation and confidence needed to tackle a new language." - Report by Joanne Millard on the ESL Crusades, 1985